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Революционные миллионеры Венесуэлы

09.04.2021 12:15

Вооруженные силы Венесуэлы нередко называют «недоступными» для разведки, и публичные данные об армии страны крайне скудны. Что точно не секрет — это незаменимая роль военных в поддержании на плаву нещадно критикуемого режима Николаса Мадуро. Даже попытки сосчитать генералов венесуэльской армии дают сильно разнящиеся цифры.

Некоторое время назад OCCRP получил массив внутренних армейских документов, которые помогают лучше понять, кто входит в местный генералитет — в ряды «защитников социалистического Отечества».

Как выяснило наше расследование, треть высших офицеров в Венесуэле занимаются частным бизнесом. По словам экспертов, проникновение армейских чинов в экономику началось, когда после неудавшегося путча против него президент Уго Чавес стал отдавать лояльным военным политические должности.

На основе новых документов, а также корпоративных данных, бесед с солдатами и инсайдерами журналисты составили картину того, как генералы обзавелись частными компаниями, которые позволяли им неплохо зарабатывать с учетом генеральских полномочий. Главные фигуры среди этих «бизнесменов от армии» образовали группу «избранных» — обладателей должностей в компаниях, которые могли получать выгодные контракты от государства. Этот круг генералов мы окрестили «Клубом 35».

На вершине этой «коммерческой системы» находится лоялист Владимир Падрино Лопес — могущественный министр обороны в правительстве Мадуро. Журналисты обнаружили его связь с недвижимостью и компаниями в Венесуэле и США стоимостью в миллионы долларов. В апреле власти США ввели против Падрино санкции за участие в наркотерроризме.

Однажды Уго Чавес поведал зрителям своей авторской телепрограммы «Здравствуйте, президент!», что быть богатым «плохо, это бесчеловечно». Однако многие высшие офицеры, долг которых — защищать провозглашенную им Боливарианскую Социалистическую Республику, наживают капиталы, пользуясь положением.

Проект «Революционные миллионеры Венесуэлы» рассказывает об этих военных и их деловых связях.

СТАТЬИ

 

 

«Революционный» генерал и его корпоративный лабиринт

Investigation

Пока экономика Венесуэлы рушилась, родня министра обороны построила в США целую сеть компаний и дорогих объектов недвижимости.

 10 АПРЕЛЬ 2020 ЧИТАТЬ СТАТЬЮ
 

Как правительство Венесуэлы купило преданность военных

Analysis

Десятки генералов венесуэльской армии связаны с частными компаниями, многие из которых получают правительственные контракты.

 10 АПРЕЛЬ 2020 ЧИТАТЬ СТАТЬЮ

КЛУБ 35

С 2003 года 35 армейских генералов в Венесуэле открыли десятки компаний самого разного профиля — от туризма и продажи игрушек до производства продуктов питания и грузоперевозок. Генералы получили сотни государственных контрактов и хорошо заработали, в то время как бо́льшая часть населения Венесуэлы оказалась в крайней нищете.

Об их промыслах стало известно, когда в распоряжение OCCRP попали внутренние армейские документы, которые журналисты сопоставили с данными из Национального реестра поставщиков госуслуг. Выяснилось, что многие из компаний зарегистрированы по адресам, где находятся жилые дома или вообще нет никаких помещений.

THE 35 CLUB

Since 2013, 35 Venezuelan generals have started dozens of companies, dealing in everything from toys and tourism to food and transportation. Between them, the generals have won hundreds of state contracts, lining their pockets even as most Venezuelans have plunged into desperate poverty.

Their businesses were revealed after OCCRP acquired a cache of internal army documents and cross-referenced it with a registry of companies that received contracts from the government. Additional reporting revealed that, in many cases, these companies were registered at residential addresses or appeared to have no physical offices.

This investigation exposes the lucrative benefits that accrue to senior officials in a country that devolved into rampant cronyism years ago. Analysts say these financial rewards ensured their loyalty to the regime of embattled President Nicolás Maduro as Venezuela’s political and economic situation continued to deteriorate.

The 35 generals are profiled below. OCCRP wrote to all of them seeking comment; only two responded, one briefly. The other, Angelvis Antonio Pérez Rodríguez, explained that the cooperative he held shares in had never even been fully registered, and that he was simply a soldier who did not do business of any sort.

“I am not an entrepreneur,” he wrote. “I am a soldier of the Bolivarian Revolution, the only political project that guarantees the greatest amount of happiness to the heroic people of the RBV [Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela] and collective well-being.” He added, using capital letters for emphasis, “I AM NOT A CORRUPT GENTLEMAN. I AM A SOLDIER WITH ETHICAL AND MORAL VALUES AND PRINCIPLES.”

 
Credit: OCCRP

Pablo Beltrán Pérez Villamizar

General Pablo Pérez graduated from the Military Academy of Venezuela in 1991. He has served as the director of a military think tank and of the Carlos Arvelo military hospital in Caracas.

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Credit: OCCRP

Jesús Emilio Vásquez Quintero

General Jesús Vásquez is the attorney general of the military prosecutor’s office, which has been accused of carrying out a systematic internal crackdown against dissident members of the armed forces and of putting civilians on trial.

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Credit: OCCRP

Renier Enrique Urbáez Fermín

General Renier Urbáez, born in 1971, is the president of the Venezuelan armed forces’ Social Security Institute.

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Credit: OCCRP

Angelvis Antonio Pérez Rodríguez

Born in 1966, General Angelvis Pérez has held several key positions during his long military career.

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Credit: OCCRP

Menry Rafael Fernández Pereira

General Menry Fernández has been close to Venezuela’s Chavista government since its beginnings.

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Credit: OCCRP

Robinson José Vera Cumare

General Robinson Vera is the commander of the 92nd Brigade, a unit based in Venezuela’s restive borderlands with Colombia.

 Midhat Kapetanović
 
Credit: OCCRP

Alejandro Ramón Maya Silva

General Alejandro Maya graduated from the Military Academy of Venezuela in 1987, part of a class that would feed the upper echelons of the country’s political establishment.

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Credit: OCCRP

John Lerry Porras Colmenares

General John Porras, born in 1965, is an avowed Chavist.

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Credit: OCCRP

Carlos Alessandro Cestari Infantini

Though General Carlos Cestari is an active Twitter user, he mainly sticks to retweeting President Nicolas Maduro and Venezuela’s customs and tax agency.

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Credit: OCCRP

Jesús Neptalí Alayón Rodríguez

General Alayón graduated from the Military Academy of Venezuela in 1991, subsequently joining several air defense brigades.

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Credit: OCCRP

Iván Darío José Lara Lander

General Iván Lara is the director of strategic planning for the Bolivarian Militia.

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Credit: OCCRP

Francisco José Martínez Cardona

In addition to his military duties, General Francisco Martínez manages a hotel in Chuspa, a village near Caracas on the Caribbean coast.

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Credit: OCCRP

José Gregorio Viña Hernández

While he was still a colonel, in 2012, General José Viña headed a battalion in northern Venezuela that has been accused of committing human rights abuses against indigenous communities.

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Taylor Antonio Rodríguez Cortez

Taylor Rodríguez is a general and an academic, having served as dean at the military’s Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica.

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Credit: OCCRP

Jesús Rafael Morales León

General Jesús Morales is listed as president and owner of half of Construsum M & M, C.A., a construction company that has received contracts to build classrooms on Venezuela’s main military base, Fuerta Tiuna, in Caracas.

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Credit: OCCRP

Gerardo Enrique Merchán Sánchez

General Gerardo Merchán has served as commander of an armored brigade and coordinator of a wholesale market.

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Credit: OCCRP

Ernesto Edmundo Pérez Mota

General Ernesto Pérez commands the 321st Caribe Brigade.

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Credit: OCCRP

Hernán Akhnaton Noguera Mejía

Hernán Noguera has the dubious distinction of being linked to a company that has received more state contracts than any other army general.

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Credit: OCCRP

José Antonio Canchica Pernía

General José Canchica is Venezuela’s military attache at the country’s embassy in the Dominican Republic.

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Credit: OCCRP

Luis Santiago Rodríguez González

General Luis Rodríguez is the director of a branch of the police responsible for migration, formerly oversaw security for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and once managed the payroll for the entire Venezuelan military.

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Credit: OCCRP

Régulo Antonio Higuera Durante

Based on his loyalty to the Venezuelan government, General Régulo Higuera was selected to participate in the 2007 First Joint Command and General Staff Course in Cuba.

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Credit: OCCRP

Wistohor Gregorio Chourio Andrade

General Wistohor Chourio graduated from Venezuela’s military academy in 1990 and is currently the commander of Caracas’ defense zone.

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Credit: OCCRP

Guillermo Segundo Barboza Heredia

General Guillermo Barboza, born in 1962, has served as the army’s director of education and as a director of military personnel in the general command.

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Credit: OCCRP

Larrin José Rivero García

General Larrin Rivero graduated from the military academy in 1987 and has been deployed to several defense zones.

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Credit: OCCRP

Heikel Fidias Gámez

General Heikel Gámez took part in the 1992 Venezuelan coup attempts led by Hugo Chávez and is currently the defense attaché at the the country’s embassy in Ecuador.

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Credit: OCCRP

Edgar Enrique Maestre Lobo

General Edgar Maestre has held managing, planning, and budget positions within Venezuela’s Ministry of Defense.

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Freddy Alberto Labarca Rincón

According to his own Twitter account, General Freddy Labarca is "a radical Chávez supporter" who has extended his "loyalty to Nicolás Maduro."

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Credit: OCCRP

Jesús Enrique Ramírez Molina

General Jesús Ramírez graduated from the Military Academy of Venezuela in 1990 and was a member of Hugo Chávez’s presidential guard.

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Credit: OCCRP

Joel Vicente Canelón

General Joel Canelón has held various military positions.

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Credit: OCCRP

Javier Tadeo Benchimol Nuñez

Since 2017, General Javier Benchimol, born in 1966, has been the commander of a defense zone in Zulia State, which is situated on the border with Colombia.

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Credit: OCCRP

Óscar José D'Jesús Darnoutt

In his Twitter account, General Óscar D'Jesús describes himself as an electric engineer and communications specialist.

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Credit: OCCRP

Francisco Vicente Magdaleno Rodríguez

In July 2017, President Maduro personally awarded General Francisco Megdaleno Rodríguez a Venezuelan flag, making him the Armed Forces’ representative at that year’s International Military Games in Russia.

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Credit: OCCRP

César Augusto Figueira Peralta

General César Figueira served in the mechanized infantry brigades, and was tapped in 2015 as the logistics director of the army’s General Command.

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Credit: OCCRP

Jesús Rafael Villamizar Gómez

Born in 1971, General Jesús Villamizar’s most important post was securing President Nicolas Maduro’s safety as the head of the Special Presidential Protection and Security Brigade.

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Credit: OCCRP

Alexis José Benítez Romero

General Alexis Benítez doesn’t hide his political preferences.

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